Individualizing Instruction Word Index

Individualizing Instruction Index

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Index Key

Chapter 1 3-19 Chapter 6 77-93 Chapter 11 150-166 Course Evaluation 196-201 Older Learners 223-228 Learning Environment 245-259

Chapter 2 20-34 Chapter 7 94-103 Chapter 12 167-178 Instructor Evaluation 202-204 Pedagogy to Andragogy 231-234

Chapter 3 35-48 Chapter 8 104-120 Common Concerns 183-187 Learning Activities 205-217 Self-Directed Learning 235-238

Chapter 4 49-61 Chapter 9 121-132 Introduction Techniques 188 Apprentice Instructors 218-219 Learning Style Differences 239-242

Chapter 5 62-73 Chapter 10 135-149 Needs Assessment 189-195 Course Development 220-222 Needs Assessment Research 243-244

Activities. See Learning activities; Preplanning activities Adult, concepts of, 31

Adams, A., 236

Adult Education Association of the U.S.A., 246

Adult Education Research Conference, 235

Adult learners: ability of, and ownership, 67-68, 72-73; abuse of freedom by, 70-72; analysis of characteristics of, 20-34; autonomy of, 138; background on, 2021;

barriers for, 30-31; characteristics of, 32-33; comfort level of, 84; confidence building for, 185-86; control possibilities for, 12; emotional characteristics of, 2931; as

experience rich and theory poor, 50, 56-57; individualized instruction for, 1-73; initial contact with, 81-87; instructional process linked with, 5-6; introductory activities

for, 85-87, 188; involvement in needs assessment by, 95; with learning disabilities, 152-159; mental characteristics of, 21-26; needs and expectations of, 59-61; needs

assessment for, 94-103; older, 159-165, 223-228; ownership for, 63-73; physical characteristics of, 26-29; resistance from, 51-53, 57,71; role enlarged for, 10-11; self-

confidence of, 14-15; and shared responsibility, 62-73; social characteristics of, 31-34; special groups of, 150-166; stimulating, 14-15

Advisory council, for needs assessment, 190

AEDNET (Adult EDucator's NETwork), 145

Aiello, J. R., 253

Agency visits, learning from, 214, 215

Albers, J., 258

Alpaugh, P. K, 164

Altman, I., 253, 255

American Medical Association, 193

American Society for Training and Development, 173

Anderson, M. L., 233

Andragogy, research and theory on, 5, 231-234

Andrews, M., 256

Anthropometry, research and theory on, 248-250

Apps, J. W., 5, 37, 243

Arenberg, D., 160, 162, 163, 228

Aristotle, 236

Army Alpha test, 22

Ashcraft, N., 250, 253

Assessment, of learning ability, 22, 23. See also Evaluation; Needs assessment

Athanasiou, R., 95

Atwood, H. M., 243

Autonomy, in nontraditional education, 138

Avakian, A. N., 106

Index Key

Chapter 1 3-19 Chapter 6 77-93 Chapter 11 150-166 Course Evaluation 196-201 Older Learners 223-228 Learning Environment 245-259

Chapter 2 20-34 Chapter 7 94-103 Chapter 12 167-178 Instructor Evaluation 202-204 Pedagogy to Andragogy 231-234

Chapter 3 35-48 Chapter 8 104-120 Common Concerns 183-187 Learning Activities 205-217 Self-Directed Learning 235-238

Chapter 4 49-61 Chapter 9 121-132 Introduction Techniques 188 Apprentice Instructors 218-219 Learning Style Differences 239-242

Chapter 5 62-73 Chapter 10 135-149 Needs Assessment 189-195 Course Development 220-222 Needs Assessment Research 243-244

Bauer, B. A., 106

Baum, J., 218

Beach, R., 228

Becker, F., 248

Becker, J., 247

Bee, J., 248

Bennett, C., 249, 250, 258

Bennett, E. S., 228

Birdwhistell, R., 255

BITNET, 145

Birren, F., 258

Birren, J. E., 164

Blackwelder, J., 141

Blanchard-Fields, F., 226

Bolton, E. B., 162

Bonham, L. A., 72, 240

Boston University, and andragogy, 232

Botwinick, J., 23, 163

Brack, R. E., 122

Brackhaus, B., 243

Bradburn, N. M., 192

Brainstorming, for needs assessment, 189

Bramson, R. M., 241-242

Branton, P., 249

Brightman, S., 143

Brockett, R. G., 64, 66-67, 69, 105, 162, 224, 226, 228, 237

Brookfield, S. D., 11, 72, 73, 138, 233, 235, 238, 243

Broomall, J. K, 141

Brown, C., 49-50

Brown, D., 153

Brundage, D. H., 65

Buech, B. D., 23

Burgess, J. H., 250

Byrne, D., 254

Index Key

Chapter 1 3-19 Chapter 6 77-93 Chapter 11 150-166 Course Evaluation 196-201 Older Learners 223-228 Learning Environment 245-259

Chapter 2 20-34 Chapter 7 94-103 Chapter 12 167-178 Instructor Evaluation 202-204 Pedagogy to Andragogy 231-234

Chapter 3 35-48 Chapter 8 104-120 Common Concerns 183-187 Learning Activities 205-217 Self-Directed Learning 235-238

Chapter 4 49-61 Chapter 9 121-132 Introduction Techniques 188 Apprentice Instructors 218-219 Learning Style Differences 239-242

Chapter 5 62-73 Chapter 10 135-149 Needs Assessment 189-195 Course Development 220-222 Needs Assessment Research 243-244

Cabell, H. W., 141

Cadwallader, C., 236

Caffarella, E. P., 107

Caffarella, R. S., 66, 106, 107, 237, 238

Calhoun, R. D., 164

Camp, C. J., 225

Canestrari, R. E., Jr., 163

Canfield, A. A., 239, 240

Canter, D., 251, 253

Carpenter, W. L., 162

Carrier, C. A., 159

Cattell, R. B., 24

Caudill, W. W., 257

Cavanaugh, J. C., 225

Centra, J. A., 18

Cervero, R. M., 125

Chairs, research on, 248-250

Chamberland, J., 31-32

Charles, D. C., 228

Chene, A., 138

Cheren, M., 244

Chicago, University of, and self-directed learning, 236-237

Chickering, A. W., 106-107

China, evaluation in ancient, 122

Chiodo, A., 254

Christensen, R. S., 211, 212

Clark, C. H., 189

Clark, H. E., 246

Clayton, V., 25

Clearinghouse on Adult Education, 155

Cleaves, A., 189

Cohen, A. M., 15

Cole, J. W., 14, 243

Commission of Professors of Adult Education, 235

Community resources, for learning activities, 214-216

Community studies, learning from, 216

Competency requirements, planning for, 79-80, 90

Computers: and learning disabilities, 159; in nontraditional education, 142, 144-148

Conrad, H. S., 22, 23

Consultants, for needs assessment, 190-191

Content analysis, for needs assessent, 192 Contracts. See Learning contracts

Conti, G. J., 239

Cooper, S. S., 11

Council of Educational Facility Planners International, 247-248, 250

Council on Exceptional Children, 157

Counseling role, 68-70

Courses: evaluation of, 130-132, 196-201; graduate, 220-222

Craik, F.I.M., 225

Critical incidents, for needs assessment, 192-193

Croney, J., 249, 258

Cropley, A. J., 10

Cross, K. P., 5, 18,27,28,29, 30, 228, 237

Cunningham, P. M., 65, 95

Cunningham, W. R., 25

Index Key

Chapter 1 3-19 Chapter 6 77-93 Chapter 11 150-166 Course Evaluation 196-201 Older Learners 223-228 Learning Environment 245-259

Chapter 2 20-34 Chapter 7 94-103 Chapter 12 167-178 Instructor Evaluation 202-204 Pedagogy to Andragogy 231-234

Chapter 3 35-48 Chapter 8 104-120 Common Concerns 183-187 Learning Activities 205-217 Self-Directed Learning 235-238

Chapter 4 49-61 Chapter 9 121-132 Introduction Techniques 188 Apprentice Instructors 218-219 Learning Style Differences 239-242

Chapter 5 62-73 Chapter 10 135-149 Needs Assessment 189-195 Course Development 220-222 Needs Assessment Research 243-244

Daily, A., 155

Daloz, L. A., 5

Damon, A., 249

Daniels, J., 2, 3-4, 30, 31-32

Darkenwald, G. G., 22, 26

Davenport, J. A., 233

Davenport, J., 233

Davis, B.R.H., 142

Davis, R. H., 225

Dean, G. J., 69

Debates, learning activities in, 214

Delbecq, A., 189

Deverone, J., 82-83

Dewey, J., 9

Diagnostic Form, 98-99, 191

Diary, as learning activity, 211-212

Dickinson, G., 40, 41-42

Disabilities, learning, 152-159, 165, 166

DiSilvestro, F. R., 69

Distance learning. See Nontraditional education

DiVesta, F. J., 162

Division of Adult Education, 155

Dorsey, O. L., 239

Draves, W. A, 21

Dressel, P. L., 139

Drummond, D., 62-63

Dunn, K., 239

Dunn, R, 239

Index Key

Chapter 1 3-19 Chapter 6 77-93 Chapter 11 150-166 Course Evaluation 196-201 Older Learners 223-228 Learning Environment 245-259

Chapter 2 20-34 Chapter 7 94-103 Chapter 12 167-178 Instructor Evaluation 202-204 Pedagogy to Andragogy 231-234

Chapter 3 35-48 Chapter 8 104-120 Common Concerns 183-187 Learning Activities 205-217 Self-Directed Learning 235-238

Chapter 4 49-61 Chapter 9 121-132 Introduction Techniques 188 Apprentice Instructors 218-219 Learning Style Differences 239-242

Chapter 5 62-73 Chapter 10 135-149 Needs Assessment 189-195 Course Development 220-222 Needs Assessment Research 243-244

Eble, K. E., 36

Eclecticism, and adult learning, 10

Eden, D. Z., 225, 227

Edney, J., 253

Educational Facilities Laboratories 247'

Educational Orientation Questionnaire, 218

Eisdorfer, C., 163

Eklund, S. J., 228

Elbow, P., 206

Elias, J. L., 9, 10

Elias, J. W., 164

Empire State College, learning contracts at, 105

Empowerment, in nontraditional education, 149

Entwistle, N., 239

Environment, physical: and anthropometry, 248-250; checklist for, 85,172; creating, 81-88; and ergonomics, 250-252; future of, 177; impact of, 245-248; informal, 87-88;

for initial contact, 81-87; and introductory activities, 85-87, 188; issues of, 259; in model, 46, 81-88, 169-170; monitoring, 83-84; and proxemics, 252-256; research and

theory for, 245-259; and room arrangements, 82-83; and synaesthetics, 256-259

Ergonomics, research and theory on, 250-252

Ericksen, S. C., 36, 37, 40

Essentialism, and adult learning, 8, 9

Estrin, H. R., 228

Europe: andragogy in, 5, 233; and international computer network, 145; pedagogy in, 231

Evaluation: aspects of, 121-132; background on, 121-122; checklist for, 173; and computer conferencing, 148; concepts of, 122-125; of courses, 130-132, 196-201; goals

and objectives related to, 125; and grading and testing, 126-128; informal, 129-130; of instructors, 202-204; and learner assessment, 128-132; of learner outcomes, 93;

in learning contracts, 111-112; in model, 47, 93, 170; for older adults, 163, 223-224; summative and formative, 123-124, 127-128, 130-132; techniques for, 128-130

Evans, N., 4

Eysenck, M. W., 163, 164

Index Key

Chapter 1 3-19 Chapter 6 77-93 Chapter 11 150-166 Course Evaluation 196-201 Older Learners 223-228 Learning Environment 245-259

Chapter 2 20-34 Chapter 7 94-103 Chapter 12 167-178 Instructor Evaluation 202-204 Pedagogy to Andragogy 231-234

Chapter 3 35-48 Chapter 8 104-120 Common Concerns 183-187 Learning Activities 205-217 Self-Directed Learning 235-238

Chapter 4 49-61 Chapter 9 121-132 Introduction Techniques 188 Apprentice Instructors 218-219 Learning Style Differences 239-242

Chapter 5 62-73 Chapter 10 135-149 Needs Assessment 189-195 Course Development 220-222 Needs Assessment Research 243-244

Facilitative role: attitudes toward, 13; and content expertise, 66-67; evaluation of, 132; impact of, 11, 16-17; and older adults, 226; and open instructional strategy, 42; and

stimulation for learners, 14-15

Farbstein, J., 251

Feedback: and evaluation, 93, 124; and instructional plan, 90-91; on learning contracts, 112-113; role of, 55-56

Fettgather, R., 156

Field, L., 237

Fisher, J. C., 160, 226

Fisher, J. D., 254

Florini, B. M., 142

Fluke, D. W., 158n

Foley, R., 239

Fowles, D. G., 159

Fox, R. D., 239

Fozard, J. L., 26

Frank, 35-36

Franklin, B., 236

Franz, J. B., 225

Freeman, J., 150-151

Freire, P., 243

Freund, J. S., 163, 223

Fulton, R. D., 247, 248

Index Key

Chapter 1 3-19 Chapter 6 77-93 Chapter 11 150-166 Course Evaluation 196-201 Older Learners 223-228 Learning Environment 245-259

Chapter 2 20-34 Chapter 7 94-103 Chapter 12 167-178 Instructor Evaluation 202-204 Pedagogy to Andragogy 231-234

Chapter 3 35-48 Chapter 8 104-120 Common Concerns 183-187 Learning Activities 205-217 Self-Directed Learning 235-238

Chapter 4 49-61 Chapter 9 121-132 Introduction Techniques 188 Apprentice Instructors 218-219 Learning Style Differences 239-242

Chapter 5 62-73 Chapter 10 135-149 Needs Assessment 189-195 Course Development 220-222 Needs Assessment Research 243-244

Gagne, R., 40

Galbraith, M. W., 225, 228, 239

Games, for needs assessment, 189, 190

General Educational Development, 32

George Washington University, and learning disabilities, 155

George, L., 224

Germany, and andragogy, 233

Gibbons, M., 237

Giordano, O. C., 256

Givens, R., 135-136

Glass, J. C., Jr., 14, 243

Glynn, S. M., 225, 226

Goldberg, J. C., 68

Gonda, J., 164, 225

Goodman, M., 27, 160

Goodrow, B. A., 226

GooIer, D. D., 141

Gordon, R. D., 224, 225, 226-227, 228

Gorman, L., 163, 223, 224, 226

Goulet, L. R., 162

Gounard, B. R., 164, 223, 224, 225, 226, 227, 228

Grades: criterion-referenced, 126, 127; and learning contracts, 109, 116-117; negotiating, 127-128

Graduate courses, developing, 220, 222

Graduate Record Examination, 122

Graney, M. J., 228

Grant, G., 66

Grasha, A. F., 239

Greece, evaluation in ancient, 122

Gregorc, A. F., 239, 240

Griffin, C., 5, 232

Gross, R., 10, 65, 137, 138, 140, 211

Grossman, J. L., 163, 224

Group interactions, for needs assessment, 189-190

Group learning activities, 212-214

Group size, for adult students, 59, 164

Guglielmino, L. M., 95, 237

Guglielmino, P. J., 237

Guttman, R., 163

Index Key

Chapter 1 3-19 Chapter 6 77-93 Chapter 11 150-166 Course Evaluation 196-201 Older Learners 223-228 Learning Environment 245-259

Chapter 2 20-34 Chapter 7 94-103 Chapter 12 167-178 Instructor Evaluation 202-204 Pedagogy to Andragogy 231-234

Chapter 3 35-48 Chapter 8 104-120 Common Concerns 183-187 Learning Activities 205-217 Self-Directed Learning 235-238

Chapter 4 49-61 Chapter 9 121-132 Introduction Techniques 188 Apprentice Instructors 218-219 Learning Style Differences 239-242

Chapter 5 62-73 Chapter 10 135-149 Needs Assessment 189-195 Course Development 220-222 Needs Assessment Research 243-244

Haase, A.M.B., 228

Haber, G. M., 253

Hadley, H. N., 218

Hall, K, 248, 252, 253, 254

Hammond, G., 151, 159

Hansen, M. D., 164

Harasim, L. M., 142

Harrison, A. F., 241-242

Hauwiller, J. G., 160

Haverkamp, K. K., 105

Havighurst, R. J., 31, 227

Hayes, M., 121-122

Hays, W. C., 228

Hayslip, B., Jr., 163, 228

Head, K. B., 95

Health, of adult learners, 29

Hearing: of adult learners, 28; and instructional needs, 161

Hebert, J. P., Jr., 152-153

Heimsath, C., 251

Heisel, M. A., 225

Henley, N. M., 253, 258

Henry, N. J., 223, 228

Herzog, R., 224

Hiemstra, R., 10, 11, 12n, 15, 27, 64, 67, 71, 95, 105, 139, 142, 159, 160, 162, 164, 190, 194, 215, 216, 218, 223, 224, 226, 227, 228, 236, 237, 238, 243, 245n, 246, 247

Highet, G., 36

Hixson, L. E., 224, 226

Holsti, O. R., 192

Holtzclaw, L. R., 239

Hopkins, K. D., 194

Horn, J. L., 24

Horn, R. K, 189

Houle, C. O., 236-237

Hounsell, D., 239

Hruska, S. R., 239

Huchingson, R. D., 249, 250, 251, 258

Hulicka, I. M., 163, 223, 224, 225, 226, 227, 228

Hultsch, D. F., 164, 225

Hungary, andragogy in, 233

Hunsaker, H. C., 246

Hyman, H., 195

Index Key

Chapter 1 3-19 Chapter 6 77-93 Chapter 11 150-166 Course Evaluation 196-201 Older Learners 223-228 Learning Environment 245-259

Chapter 2 20-34 Chapter 7 94-103 Chapter 12 167-178 Instructor Evaluation 202-204 Pedagogy to Andragogy 231-234

Chapter 3 35-48 Chapter 8 104-120 Common Concerns 183-187 Learning Activities 205-217 Self-Directed Learning 235-238

Chapter 4 49-61 Chapter 9 121-132 Introduction Techniques 188 Apprentice Instructors 218-219 Learning Style Differences 239-242

Chapter 5 62-73 Chapter 10 135-149 Needs Assessment 189-195 Course Development 220-222 Needs Assessment Research 243-244

Imel, S., 155, 157

Implementation: checklist for, 172; in model, 47, 92, 170

Individualized instruction: approaches to, 1-73; appropriate situations for, 58-61; assimilating, 49-61; background on, 1-2, 49-50; benefits of, 175-176; checklist for, 172-

173; circumstances for, 1-73; concerns about, 183-187; conclusion on, 178; in content areas, 186; content process balance in, 60-61; future of, 177-178; group size for,

59, 164; impact of, 15-19; introduction techniques for, 85-87, 188; methods for, 75-132; model for, 44-48, 77-93, 168-171; in nonformal settings, 186-187; in

nontraditional settings, 135-149; patience and flexibility for, 54-55; personalizing, 54-58; potential of, 167-178; practical applications for, 181-228; problems with, 176;

process of, 6, 77-93; reasons for, 4-7; research and theory for, 229-259; research needed on, 178; resistance to, 51-54; resources for, 179-259; and self-direction, 5,

6-7, 10-11, 60, 105, 107, 162; settings for, 58-59; shared responsibility for, 62-73; for special audiences, 150-166; steps in, 77-93; strategies and techniques for, 35-48;

structured approach of, 57-58; success in, 133-178; time needed for, 183-184. See also Instruction

Information resources, and computer conferencing, 148-149

Inquiry Mode Questionnaire (InQ), 242

Insel, P. M., 253

Institutions: bureaucratic resistance from, 53-54, 117-118; and evaluation, 125, 132; future of, 177-178

Instruction: for adults, 35-48; approaches to, 15-16; background on, 35-36; criteria for, 36-39; describing process of, 87; evaluating, 124-125; learners linked with process

of, 5-6; learning linked with, 39-40; in literature, 36; open and closed strategies for, 42; pace of, for older adults, 28, 163, 223; planning for, 40-44, 46, 8991, 170;

procedures for, 43-44; strategies for, 40-43; variety of techniques of, 56. See also Individualized instruction

Instructional audit, 56

Instructors: benefits to, 175-176; and coping with the unexpected, 174-175; as counselors or mentors, 68-70; effective, 37-39; evaluation of, 202-204; as experts,

184-185; facilitative role of, 11, 13-17, 42, 66-67, 132, 226; first-aid kit for, 174-175; ideals for, 38; individualized instruction's potential for, 167-178; and Murphy's

Law, 171, 173-174; nontraditional roles for, 142-143; planning role of, 91; resistance from, 53; roles of, 17-18; and shared responsibility, 6273; skills needed by,

183; training for, 177, 218-219

Intelligence: of adult learners, 21-26; fluid and crystallized, 23-26

Interactive reflection, as learning activity, 205-212

Interest or attitude inventory, for needs assessment, 191

Internships, learning from, 215-216

Interviews, for needs assessment, 195

Iuelson, W. H., 255

Iuen, J., 258

Index Key

Chapter 1 3-19 Chapter 6 77-93 Chapter 11 150-166 Course Evaluation 196-201 Older Learners 223-228 Learning Environment 245-259

Chapter 2 20-34 Chapter 7 94-103 Chapter 12 167-178 Instructor Evaluation 202-204 Pedagogy to Andragogy 231-234

Chapter 3 35-48 Chapter 8 104-120 Common Concerns 183-187 Learning Activities 205-217 Self-Directed Learning 235-238

Chapter 4 49-61 Chapter 9 121-132 Introduction Techniques 188 Apprentice Instructors 218-219 Learning Style Differences 239-242

Chapter 5 62-73 Chapter 10 135-149 Needs Assessment 189-195 Course Development 220-222 Needs Assessment Research 243-244

James, J. M., 218, 245

James, W. B., 225, 228, 239

Jameson, R., 151

Jaquish, G. A., 162

Jarvis, P., 5, 15, 232

Jenks, S., 256

Jennings, R., 160

Johnstone, J., 236

Jones, E. E., 162

Jones, H. E., 22, 23

Jones, J., 254

Jones, J. E., 223, 224, 225, 226, 228

Jordan, D. R., 153, 155

Journal, as learning activity, 211, 212

Joyce, B., 36

Index Key

Chapter 1 3-19 Chapter 6 77-93 Chapter 11 150-166 Course Evaluation 196-201 Older Learners 223-228 Learning Environment 245-259

Chapter 2 20-34 Chapter 7 94-103 Chapter 12 167-178 Instructor Evaluation 202-204 Pedagogy to Andragogy 231-234

Chapter 3 35-48 Chapter 8 104-120 Common Concerns 183-187 Learning Activities 205-217 Self-Directed Learning 235-238

Chapter 4 49-61 Chapter 9 121-132 Introduction Techniques 188 Apprentice Instructors 218-219 Learning Style Differences 239-242

Chapter 5 62-73 Chapter 10 135-149 Needs Assessment 189-195 Course Development 220-222 Needs Assessment Research 243-244

Kantrowitz, M., 251

Kapp, 233

Kasworm, C. E., 107, 160

Keefe, J. W., 239, 241

Keinho1z, A., 240

Kellogg Foundation, 144, 235

Kennelly, K. J., 228

Kennon, P., 257

Kidd, J. R., 11, 22, 27, 28, 38, 247

Kinney, M. B., 159

Knirk, F., 250, 255, 256, 257

Knoll, J. H., 233

Knowles, M. S., 5, 11, 14, 33, 46, 63, 65, 95, 96, 105, 106, 108, 109, 110n, 114, 118, 163, 191, 206, 225, 231-234, 243, 245, 247

Knowlton, M. P., 159, 160

Knox, A. B., 24, 25, 29, 65-66, 69, 125, 223, 224, 225, 226, 228, 239, 243, 244, 245

Kolb, D. A., 239, 240

Koneya, M., 248

Kooken, R. A., 163

Korhonen, L. J., 239

Kozo1, J., 7

Kramer, J. J., 225

Krasner, L., 251

Kreitlow, B. W., 220

Kuhlen, R. G., 162

Kulich, J., 236

Index Key

Chapter 1 3-19 Chapter 6 77-93 Chapter 11 150-166 Course Evaluation 196-201 Older Learners 223-228 Learning Environment 245-259

Chapter 2 20-34 Chapter 7 94-103 Chapter 12 167-178 Instructor Evaluation 202-204 Pedagogy to Andragogy 231-234

Chapter 3 35-48 Chapter 8 104-120 Common Concerns 183-187 Learning Activities 205-217 Self-Directed Learning 235-238

Chapter 4 49-61 Chapter 9 121-132 Introduction Techniques 188 Apprentice Instructors 218-219 Learning Style Differences 239-242

Chapter 5 62-73 Chapter 10 135-149 Needs Assessment 189-195 Course Development 220-222 Needs Assessment Research 243-244

Labouvie, G. V., 23

Labouvie-Vief, G., 163, 227

Lafferty, J. C., 239, 240

Lam, W., 257

Landers, K., 237

Langner, W. R., 155

Language, and learning disabilities, 156

Laubach Literacy International, 7, 143

Lean, E., 153, 154

Learners. See Adult learners Learning, adult: aspects of enhancing, 3-19; and educational changes, 7-8; instruction linked with, 39-40; literature on, 5; and physical

changes, 27-29; theories about, 8-15

Learning activities: checklist for, 172; community resources for, 214-216; for groups, 212-214; interactive reflection as, 205-212; in model, 46-47, 91-92, 170; resources

for, 205-217; sheets for, 216-217

Learning Contract Form, 110

Learning contracts: aspects of, 104, 120; background on, 104-105; benefits of, 118-119; and bureaucratic needs, 53-54; defined, 105-108; effectiveness of, 105-107;

elements of, 106; evaluation in, 111-112; flexibility of, 113; formats for, 108-112, 116; guidance on, 112-113, 115-116; impact of, 118-120; and institutional

policies, 117-118; and instructional plan, 91; issues related to, 113-118; limitations of, 119; in nontraditional education, 141, 147; objectives in, 109; resources in,

109, 111; settings for, 114-115; as stimulus to learning, 14; uses of, 108-113

Learning disabilities: adults with, 152-155; applications for, 165-166; instructional resources for, 155-159; techniques and strategies for, 158

Learning environment. See Environment, physical

Learning styles: inventories of, 240; research and theory on, 239-242

Leclerc, G. J., 227

Leean, C., 139

Lersten, K. C., 223, 225, 227, 228

Levanthal, G., 254

Levinson, D. J., 227

Liberalism, and adult learning, 9

Lifelong Learning Research Conference,235

Lindeman, E. C., 233, 235-236

Lindgren, H. C., 253

Lindquist, J., 105-106

Lipschultz, M., 254

Literacy Volunteers of America, 7, 143

Lockwood, J., 94, 95

Loesch, T, 239

Loewenthal, N. H., 141

Long, H. B., 11, 23, 24, 223, 235, 236, 243

Long, R, 243

Long, R. W., 190

Lorge, I., 23

Lumsden, D. B., 227

Lyons, M., 94

Index Key

Chapter 1 3-19 Chapter 6 77-93 Chapter 11 150-166 Course Evaluation 196-201 Older Learners 223-228 Learning Environment 245-259

Chapter 2 20-34 Chapter 7 94-103 Chapter 12 167-178 Instructor Evaluation 202-204 Pedagogy to Andragogy 231-234

Chapter 3 35-48 Chapter 8 104-120 Common Concerns 183-187 Learning Activities 205-217 Self-Directed Learning 235-238

Chapter 4 49-61 Chapter 9 121-132 Introduction Techniques 188 Apprentice Instructors 218-219 Learning Style Differences 239-242

Chapter 5 62-73 Chapter 10 135-149 Needs Assessment 189-195 Course Development 220-222 Needs Assessment Research 243-244

MacKeracher, D., 65

Mager, R. F., 193, 243

Main, K., 218

Marcus, E. E., 227

Markley, R. P., 225

Marks, L., 256

Marlowe, C. L., 142

Marshall, P. H., 164

Marton, F., 239

Mather, C., 236

Maxfield, D., 239

Mays, F., 155

McBride, K. E., 22

McCall, R. J., 239

McClusky, H. Y., 10, 11, 218

McCormick, E., 248

McFarland, R., 249

McKeachie, W. J., 36

McKinley, J., 141

McLaughlin, D., 243

McMahon, E. E., 243

Media log, interactive, 208-209

Mentoring role, 68-70

Mergler, N. L., 225

Merleau-Ponty, M., 256

Merriam, S. B., 22, 26

Merriam, S., 9, 10, 227, 228

Messick, S., 241

Middlemiss, M. A., 27, 160

Midterm Evaluation Form, 131

Miller, J. V., 68

Miller, R. V., 225

Monette, M. L., 243

Moore, M. G., 139

Morrison, T. R., 138

Mullan, C., 163, 223, 224, 226

Murphy, N. Z., 225

Murrell, K.F.H., 249, 257, 258

Muth, K. D., 225, 226

Index Key

Chapter 1 3-19 Chapter 6 77-93 Chapter 11 150-166 Course Evaluation 196-201 Older Learners 223-228 Learning Environment 245-259

Chapter 2 20-34 Chapter 7 94-103 Chapter 12 167-178 Instructor Evaluation 202-204 Pedagogy to Andragogy 231-234

Chapter 3 35-48 Chapter 8 104-120 Common Concerns 183-187 Learning Activities 205-217 Self-Directed Learning 235-238

Chapter 4 49-61 Chapter 9 121-132 Introduction Techniques 188 Apprentice Instructors 218-219 Learning Style Differences 239-242

Chapter 5 62-73 Chapter 10 135-149 Needs Assessment 189-195 Course Development 220-222 Needs Assessment Research 243-244

Nadler, L., 193, 194

National Adult Education Conference, 235

National Opinion Research Center, 236

Needs assessment: aspects of, 94-103; background on, 94-95; group activities for, 100-102; and instructional plan, 90; instruments for, 95-100, 191-192; in nontraditional

education, 141; for older adults, 226-227; as on-going, 102-103; research and theory for, 243-244; techniques for, 95-100, 189-195

New Hampshire, intelligence testing in, 22

New York State Education Department, 246-247

Niemi, J. A., 141

Nominal group involvement, for needs assessment, 189-190

Nontraditional education: adapting individualized instruction to, 135-149; background on, 135-136; design issues in, 139-141; examples of, 143-149; future of, 141-143;

increase in, 137; individualized instruction in, 59; learner involvement in, 138-139, 146-148; open learning systems for, 138; technology for, 136-139, 141, 142-143,

144-148

Norman, D. A., 164

North Carolina Council on Developmental Disabilities, 156

Nuttall, R. L., 26

Index Key

Chapter 1 3-19 Chapter 6 77-93 Chapter 11 150-166 Course Evaluation 196-201 Older Learners 223-228 Learning Environment 245-259

Chapter 2 20-34 Chapter 7 94-103 Chapter 12 167-178 Instructor Evaluation 202-204 Pedagogy to Andragogy 231-234

Chapter 3 35-48 Chapter 8 104-120 Common Concerns 183-187 Learning Activities 205-217 Self-Directed Learning 235-238

Chapter 4 49-61 Chapter 9 121-132 Introduction Techniques 188 Apprentice Instructors 218-219 Learning Style Differences 239-242

Chapter 5 62-73 Chapter 10 135-149 Needs Assessment 189-195 Course Development 220-222 Needs Assessment Research 243-244

Oddi, L. F., 95, 237

O'Donnell, J. M., 237, 238

Ogle, S. E., 228

Okun, M. A., 162, 223, 224

Older adults: approaches for, 159-166; barriers for, 227-228; evaluation for, 163, 223-224; increase of, 159-160; instructional needs of, 160-165; involvement of, 224;

meaningfulness for, 164, 224-225; needs assessment for, 226-227; resources for, 162 ,223-228

Olejnik, S. F., 228

Olsen, H., 256

On-line computer conferencing, for nontraditional education, 145-148

Osmond, H., 252

Ostwald, S. K., 228

Overton, W., 25

Ownership: approaches to shared, 62-73; and attitudes, 14; background on, 62-63; and informal environment, 88; and instructional planning, 89; and learning contracts,

107-108; and needs assessment, 97, 100, 103; obstacles to, 70-73; promoting, 63-70; self-discipline and self-confidence for, 65-66

Oxley, B., 248

Index Key

Chapter 1 3-19 Chapter 6 77-93 Chapter 11 150-166 Course Evaluation 196-201 Older Learners 223-228 Learning Environment 245-259

Chapter 2 20-34 Chapter 7 94-103 Chapter 12 167-178 Instructor Evaluation 202-204 Pedagogy to Andragogy 231-234

Chapter 3 35-48 Chapter 8 104-120 Common Concerns 183-187 Learning Activities 205-217 Self-Directed Learning 235-238

Chapter 4 49-61 Chapter 9 121-132 Introduction Techniques 188 Apprentice Instructors 218-219 Learning Style Differences 239-242

Chapter 5 62-73 Chapter 10 135-149 Needs Assessment 189-195 Course Development 220-222 Needs Assessment Research 243-244

Paige, J., 151

Pankowski, M. L., 14

Participate (Partii) program, 146, 148, 196-201

Pastalan, L., 253

Patton, J. R., 153, 154

Peer evaluation, for needs assessment, 193

Pena, W. M., 257

Penland, P. R., 237

Pennington, F. C., 243

Performance appraisal, for needs assessment, 193-194

Perry, W., 71

Peterson, D. A., 160, 162, 223, 224, 225, 226, 227, 228

Physical environment. See Environment, physical

Pierce, R., 246

Pierson, M. J., 239

Pinckney, E., 236

Pine, W. S., 14, 243

Piper, P., 193

Planning: checklist for, 172; in model, 40-44, 46, 89-91, 170; overall, 78-81; and the unexpected, 174

Plopper, M., 228

Poland, andragogy in, 233

Polloway, E. A, 153, 154

Popham, W. J., 123, 126

Posteducation society, 4-5

Postman, No, 36

Pratt, D. D., 64, 81

Preplanning activities: checklist for, 172; in model, 45-46, 78-81, 169; and overall planning, 78-81

Price, G. E., 239, 240

Progoff, I., 211, 212

Progressivism, and adult learning, 9

Proshansky, H. M., 255

Proxemics, research and theory on, 252-256

Public Law 94-142, 152

Quayhagen, M., 164, 225

Questionnaire, for needs assessment, 192

Index Key

Chapter 1 3-19 Chapter 6 77-93 Chapter 11 150-166 Course Evaluation 196-201 Older Learners 223-228 Learning Environment 245-259

Chapter 2 20-34 Chapter 7 94-103 Chapter 12 167-178 Instructor Evaluation 202-204 Pedagogy to Andragogy 231-234

Chapter 3 35-48 Chapter 8 104-120 Common Concerns 183-187 Learning Activities 205-217 Self-Directed Learning 235-238

Chapter 4 49-61 Chapter 9 121-132 Introduction Techniques 188 Apprentice Instructors 218-219 Learning Style Differences 239-242

Chapter 5 62-73 Chapter 10 135-149 Needs Assessment 189-195 Course Development 220-222 Needs Assessment Research 243-244

Rachal, J. R., 142

Raiford, C. A., 225

Rainer, T, 211

Ralston, P. A., 226, 227

Ramos, T, 104-105

Rashad, M., 121-122

Rasmussen, S. E., 257

Reaction time: of adult learners, 28; and instructional pace, 163, 223

Reading log, interactive, 205-208

Records analysis, for needs assessment, 194

Rees, P. L., 155

Reichmann, S., 239

Renner, V. J., 164

Research: on andragogy, 5, 231-234; on environment, 245-259; on learning styles, 239-242; on needs assessment, 243-244; on self-directed learning, 5, 235-238

Resources: information, 148-149; in learning contracts, 109, 111; for learning disabilities, 155-159; for older adults, 162, 223-228; planning for, 80; for practical

applications, 181-228; on research findings, 229-259; variety of, and ownership, 64-65

Responsibility. See Ownership Role modeling, 55

Rice, J., 122

Rigors, P., 193

Ripple, R. E., 162

Rivera, R., 236

Rivlin, L. G., 255

Roberts, L. H., 148

Roberts, S., 77-78

Robertson, R., 66

Robertson-Tchabo, E. A., 160, 162, 163

Robinson, J. P., 95

Robinson, R. D., 228

Rodgers, W., 224

Roe, A., 22

Rogers, S., 20, 30

Rosenstock, E., 233

Rossman's self-assessment inventory, 37

Ruskin, J., 178

Index Key

Chapter 1 3-19 Chapter 6 77-93 Chapter 11 150-166 Course Evaluation 196-201 Older Learners 223-228 Learning Environment 245-259

Chapter 2 20-34 Chapter 7 94-103 Chapter 12 167-178 Instructor Evaluation 202-204 Pedagogy to Andragogy 231-234

Chapter 3 35-48 Chapter 8 104-120 Common Concerns 183-187 Learning Activities 205-217 Self-Directed Learning 235-238

Chapter 4 49-61 Chapter 9 121-132 Introduction Techniques 188 Apprentice Instructors 218-219 Learning Style Differences 239-242

Chapter 5 62-73 Chapter 10 135-149 Needs Assessment 189-195 Course Development 220-222 Needs Assessment Research 243-244

Sanders, J. R., 122

Savicevic, D. M., 5, 233

Schaie, K. W., 23, 24, 26, 164, 165, 225

Scheflen, A. E., 250

Scholastic Aptitude Test, 122

Schon, D. A., 125

Schroeder, W. L., 215

Self-confidence: of adult learners, 14-15; for older adults, 162-163; for ownership, 65-66

Self-directed learning: impact of, 67, 60; and learning contracts, 105, 107; and learning theories, 10-11; and older adults, 162; research on, 5, 235-238

Self-Directed Learning Competencies Self Appraisal Form, 107

Shadden, B. B., 225

Shaver, P. R., 95

Sheckley, B. G., 142

Sheehy, G., 227

Sheppard, N. A., 160

Siebles, M. W., 162

Siegler, I. C., 224

Simulations, for needs assessment, 189

Sisco, B. R., 106, 107, 139, 238, 241

Six, J. E., 237

Smith, J. D., 153, 154

Smith, R. M., 5, 32, 65, 95, 105, 139, 218, 239, 240

Society: changing, and educational change, 7-8; posteducation, 4-5

Socrates, 122, 236

Sommer, R, 245, 248, 253, 254, 255, 256, 257

South Carolina, University of, learning contracts at, 105

Stanley, J. C., 194

Steele, F., 251, 252, 254, 256

Steele, S. M., 122

Sternberg, R. J., 241

Stewart, D. W., 233

Stires, L., 248

Stoudt, H., 249

Strother, F., 165

Study groups, learning activities in, 212-214

Study guide: for computer conferencing, 146; for nontraditional education, 141, 146; and workbooks, 80-81, 87, 91, 112, 116, 221

Sudman, S., 192

Supervisory rating, for needs assessment, 193-194

Symposium on Adult Learning Psychology, 162, 223, 227, 228

Synaesthetics, research and theory on, 256-259

Syracuse University Resources for Educators of Adults (SUREA), 144

Syracuse University: adult education at, 143-146; computer technology at, 136, 146-148; Kellogg Project at, 144-146

Systematic devices, for needs assessment, 192-194

Index Key

Chapter 1 3-19 Chapter 6 77-93 Chapter 11 150-166 Course Evaluation 196-201 Older Learners 223-228 Learning Environment 245-259

Chapter 2 20-34 Chapter 7 94-103 Chapter 12 167-178 Instructor Evaluation 202-204 Pedagogy to Andragogy 231-234

Chapter 3 35-48 Chapter 8 104-120 Common Concerns 183-187 Learning Activities 205-217 Self-Directed Learning 235-238

Chapter 4 49-61 Chapter 9 121-132 Introduction Techniques 188 Apprentice Instructors 218-219 Learning Style Differences 239-242

Chapter 5 62-73 Chapter 10 135-149 Needs Assessment 189-195 Course Development 220-222 Needs Assessment Research 243-244

Tager, R. M., 228

Tagiuri, R., 245

Task analysis, for needs assessment, 192-193

Taub, H. A., 164

Team teaching, learning activities in, 214

Technology: and learning disabilities, 159; for nontraditional education, 136-139, 141-148

Tennant, M., 232

Testing: and evaluation, 126-128; for needs assessment, 194

Theory log, interactive, 209-211

Thompson, M. M., 139

Thorndike, E. L., 21-22, 23

Toffler, A., 234

Tough, A. M., 5, 63, 195, 224, 233, 236-237

Trent, J. W., 15

Tyler, R., 243

Type Indicator, 240

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, autodidactic learning in, 233

United Kingdom: andragogy in, 232; ergonomics in, 252

U.S. Department of Education, 155

Verdros, K, 14

Verner, C., 43

Vision: of adult learners, 27-28; and instructional needs, 161

Vosko, R. S., 27, 160, 228, 245n, 246, 253, 254

Index Key

Chapter 1 3-19 Chapter 6 77-93 Chapter 11 150-166 Course Evaluation 196-201 Older Learners 223-228 Learning Environment 245-259

Chapter 2 20-34 Chapter 7 94-103 Chapter 12 167-178 Instructor Evaluation 202-204 Pedagogy to Andragogy 231-234

Chapter 3 35-48 Chapter 8 104-120 Common Concerns 183-187 Learning Activities 205-217 Self-Directed Learning 235-238

Chapter 4 49-61 Chapter 9 121-132 Introduction Techniques 188 Apprentice Instructors 218-219 Learning Style Differences 239-242

Chapter 5 62-73 Chapter 10 135-149 Needs Assessment 189-195 Course Development 220-222 Needs Assessment Research 243-244

Wald, R., 106-107

Washington, M., 104-105

Wass, H., 224, 226, 228

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, 26

Wechsler, D., 24, 26

Weil, M., 36

Weingartner, C., 36

Weisenburg, T., 22

Welborn, R. B., 239

Wells, M., 256

West, C. A., 224, 226

White, M. A., 164

White, S., 246, 247

Will, P., 251-252

Williams, H. Y., 228

Willis, F. N., 254-255

Willis, S. L., 24, 26

Winn, F. J., Jr., 164

Winter, M., 167-168

Witte, K L., 163, 223

Wlodkowski, R. J., 17, 66, 68

Workbook: in graduate course, 221; and learning contracts, 112, 116; uses of, 80-81, 87, 91, 141, 146

Worthen, B. R., 122

Yugoslavia, andragogy in, 233

Zandi, T, 225

Ziegler, N., 27, 160