PORTFOLIO GUIDELINES

Introduction

The portfolio experience holds great promise as a tool for promoting personal growth and self-initiated learning during an educational experience. The majority of people learn most naturally when they solve problems that are tied to relevant, real-life issues. Critical to such learning is skill in purposeful reflection. As Jones (1984) notes: "By viewing learning as a construction of the individual, not something to be absorbed from teachers and texts, they are experimenting with a 'portfolio assessment' approach to education. In this approach problem-solving and student reflection, and their appropriate portrayal or documentation, receive primary attention" (p. 23).

The portfolio can take many shapes and forms. In addition to the notion of critical and purposeful reflection noted above, Paulson, Paulson, and Meyer (1991) describe the portfolio as follows: "A portfolio is a purposeful collection of student work that exhibits the student's efforts, progress, and achievements in one or more areas. The collection must include student participation in selecting contents, the criteria for selection, the criteria for judging merit, and evidence of student self-reflection" (p. 60).

There also are several approaches common to many portfolio experiences:

• Establishing personal assessment criteria, often in conjunction with a peer, supervisor, mentor, or academic teacher
• Keeping a portfolio of all work, including preliminary work and reflective writing, to be used as a reference point throughout a course or entire program of study
• Individual and peer reflection (oral or written), often with guiding questions from a supervisor, mentor, or teacher
• Teacher feedback, oral and written, including teacher conferences as required
• Checklists of project criteria with space for student and teacher evaluations and comments
• Journals in which students frequently record their reflections, sometimes with guiding questions, at both a scheduled time and on their own time
• Oral presentations to a significant other (such as a teacher, supervisor, peer, relative, or friend) of student-selected items and portfolio reflections often including listener feedback via a questionnaire or some other written form
• Formal portfolio review usually on selected projects
• The actual completed portfolio typically includes an annotated table of contents, student background information, project work or products (including preliminary and trial work), journal entries, records of mid-term assessments by the teacher, student, and/or other relevant people, and final reflective overviews of the work by the student, teacher, and other relevant people
• As students engage in any reflective exercises, they and the teacher can judge the quality of their learning through examining statements about goals, documented progress toward goals, learning processes used, and personal or others' opinions

Self-reflection, core to the portfolio process, requires careful attention. It can be difficult to write self-reflective statements and to avoid superficial or unconnected comments (see Brookfield, 1987, 1995). Thus, it is always important to look for examples of good and bad work to build a basis for assessment comments. Further, teachers must constantly model self-reflection statements, themselves, and have students examine each other's work whenever it is appropriate. Students may practice by discussing their work in small groups before they write.

The portfolio can be an enjoyable process that enables you to gain "extra" insights, knowledge about who you are, and a deepened commitment to being the best person you can be. Good luck with the process.

Guidelines Specific to Involvement in a Graduate Program in Adult Education

The portfolio is meant to demonstrate mastery of knowledge, skills, and understanding within the broad field of adult education including teaching and training of adults. In essence, we are looking for a demonstration of the following:

• What you have learned during your AED masters program
• A demonstration of personal growth during your AED masters program
• A demonstration of mastery or competence in one or more specialized components of your AED masters program
• Information (products, papers, written statements, etc.) that demonstrate the professional context in which you see yourself currently or in the future (this will serve as a "grounding" mechanism to connect the skills and knowledge you have achieved to a work or productivity context; for example, if you plan to set up your own consulting business, at least one piece of evidence, such as some related readings, a business plan you have developed, or a report of a mini-internship in a consulting firm should be included)
• If submitted work is a result of a group effort, you should state clearly what was your role in the group and what part of the submitted work was completed by you

You should demonstrate that the bulk of the materials, written statements, and actual products resulted from your participation in the AED program. Otherwise, the portfolio process might unfairly favor individuals with long work histories and penalize those who do not have such experiences.

What should you be doing during the early part of your Masters program? Begin to conceptualize what you want your portfolio to look like. You might choose to submit a box or folder of material. You could decide to submit the material primarily in an electronic format such as on a disk. You could create your own web page and store your material there. The choice is yours but remember there are at least two uses for the portfolio. One is what you would include as part of your final course to demonstrate your growth and development during the Masters program. Additionally, or should you decide to do a thesis and not take the capstone course, you can use the portfolio as an evaluative tool for promotions or salary reviews in your current job or as an important vehicle in seeking new employment.

Following is a description the type of checklist headings or statements you will have available for use in compiling your final portfolio:

Current resume

An autobiographical statement to include post-graduate plans and/or career goals and a statement of what makes you unique, interesting, employable

A personal statement of philosophy

A list of your course work completed, in progress, or planned

A brief statement of the professional context in which you see yourself currently or in the future, including information on how this context ties to at least one of the items included in your portfolio

5-7 items which reflect your professional growth and ability (include a written summary or statement of critical reflection and/or self-assessment on each item as an advanced organizer for any reviewers). Indicate your preferred criteria for judging the merits of the included items and describe any assessments you received from others (peers, supervisors, mentors, teachers, etc.). Include any relevant passages from a personal journal if you kept one during the process. Describe any goal setting you undertook (perhaps as part of a learning contract) as a prelude to development of any included material. Items you may include but are not restricted to are as follows:

• any mini-internship or independent study documents or products
• course projects, products, or papers
• articles you have published or manuscripts you have submitted for publication
• work-related products or materials you created which were affected by your AED course work
• conceptual or theoretical materials you developed as a result of your course work.

Good luck with the entire process. It can be a very enjoyable one and should serve to help you not only place some framework around your graduate experiences but also provide a mechanism for showing current or prospective employees what you have accomplished.

References

Brookfield, S. D. (1987). Developing critical thinkers: Challenging adults to explore alternative ways of thinking and acting. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

Brookfield, S. D. (1995) Becoming a critically reflective teacher. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

Jones, J. E. (1994). Portfolio assessment as a strategy for self-direction in learning. In R. Hiemstra (Ed.), Overcoming resistance to self-direction in adult learning (New Directions for Adult and Continuing Education, no. 64), Winter, pp. 23-30

Paulson, F. L., Paulson, P. R., & Meyer, C. (1991). What makes a portfolio a portfolio? Educational Leadership, 48(5), 60-63.

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